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History

A FIM Road Racing World Championship Grand Prix was first organized by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme in 1949. The commercial rights are now owned by Dorna Sports, with the FIM remaining as the sport sanctioning body. Teams are represented by the International Road Racing Teams Association (IRTA) and manufacturers by the Motorcycle Sport Manufacturers Association (MSMA). Rules and changes to regulations are decided between the four entities, with Dorna casting a tie-breaking vote. In cases of technical modifications, the MSMA can unilaterally enact or veto changes by unanimous vote among its members.[4] These four entities compose the Grand Prix Commission.

There have traditionally been several races at each event for various classes of motorcycles, based on engine size, and one class for sidecars. Classes for 50 cc, 80 cc, 125 cc, 250 cc, 350 cc, and 500 cc solo machines have existed at some time, and 350 cc and 500 cc sidecars. Up through the 1950s and most of the 1960s, four-stroke engines dominated all classes. In part this was due to rules, which allowed a multiplicity of cylinders (meaning smaller pistons, producing higher revs) and a multiplicity of gears (giving narrower power bands, affording higher states of tune). In the 1960s, two-stroke engines began to take root in the smaller classes.

In 1969, the FIM —citing high development costs for non-works teams— brought in new rules restricting all classes to six gears and most to two cylinders (four cylinders in the case of the 350 cc and 500 cc classes). This led to a mass walk-out of the sport by the previously highly successful Honda, Suzuki and Yamaha manufacturer teams, skewing the results tables for the next several years, with MV Agusta effectively the only works team left in the sport until Yamaha (1973) and Suzuki (1974) returned with new two-stroke designs. By this time, two-strokes completely eclipsed the four-strokes in all classes. In 1979, Honda, on its return to GP racing, made an attempt to return the four-stroke to the top class with the NR500, but this project failed, and, in 1983, even Honda was winning with a two-stroke 500.

Previously, the championship featured a 50cc class from 1962 to 1983, later changed to an 80cc class from 1984 to 1989. The class was dropped for the 1990 season, after being dominated primarily by Spanish and Italian makes. It also featured a 350cc class from 1949 to 1982, and a 750 cc class from 1977 to 1979. Sidecars were dropped from world championship events in the 1990s (see Superside).

Yamaha YZR-M1 MotoGP bike (2006)

From the mid-1970s through to 2001, the top class of GP racing allowed 500 cc displacement with a maximum of four cylinders, regardless of whether the engine was a two-stroke or four-stroke. This is unlike TT Formula or motocross, where two and four strokes had different engine size limits in the same class to provide similar performance. Consequently, all machines were two-strokes, since they produce power with every rotation of the crank, whereas four-stroke engines produce power only every second rotation. Some two- and three-cylinder two-stroke 500s were seen, but though they had a minimum-weight advantage under the rules, typically attained higher corner speed and could qualify well, they lacked the power of the four-cylinder machines.

In 2002, rule changes were introduced to facilitate the phasing out of the 500 cc two-strokes. The premier class was rebranded MotoGP, as manufacturers were to choose between running two-stroke engines up to 500 cc or four-strokes up to 990 cc or less. Manufacturers were also permitted to employ their choice of engine configuration. Despite the increased costs of the new four-stroke engines, they were soon able to dominate their two-stroke rivals. As a result, by 2003 no two-stroke machines remained in the MotoGP field. The 125 cc and 250 cc classes still consisted exclusively of two-stroke machines.

In 2007, the MotoGP class had its maximum engine displacement capacity reduced to 800 cc for a minimum of five years. As a result of the 2008–2009 financial crisis, MotoGP underwent changes in an effort to cut costs. Among them are reducing Friday practice sessions and testing sessions, extending the lifespan of engines, switching to a single tyre manufacturer, and banning qualifying tyres, active suspension, launch control and ceramic composite brakes.[5] For the 2010 season, carbon brake discs were banned.

For the 2012 season, the MotoGP engine capacity was increased again to 1,000 cc.[6] It also saw the introduction of Claiming Rule Teams (CRT), which were given more engines per season and larger fuel tanks than factory teams, but were subject to a factory team buying ("claiming") their rival's powertrain for a fixed price.[7] The sport's governing body received applications from sixteen new teams looking to join the MotoGP class.[8] For the 2014 season, the CRT subclass was rebranded Open, as the claiming rule was removed. Also, all entries adopted a standard engine control unit, with factory teams being allowed to run any software, and Open entries using a standard software. For the 2016 season, the Open subclass was dropped, and factory entries switched to a standard engine control unit software.

In 2010, the 250cc two-stroke class was replaced by the new Moto2 600 cc four-stroke class. In 2012, the 125cc two-stroke class was replaced by the Moto3 250cc four-stroke class with a weight limit of 65 kg with fuel.

According to one estimate, leasing a top-level motorcycle for a rider costs about US$ 3.0 to 3.5 million per season.[9]

Chronology

1949: Start of the world championship in Grand Prix motorcycle racing for five separate categories, 125cc, 250cc, 350cc, 500cc and sidecars.[1] Harold Daniell wins the first ever 500 cc Grand Prix race held at the Isle of Man TT.[10]

1951: Sidecars reduced in engine capacity from 600 cc to 500 cc

1957: Gilera, Mondial and Moto Guzzi withdraw at the end of the season citing increasing costs. Bob McIntyre wins the longest ever Grand Prix race of 301.84 miles, held over 8 laps of the Isle of Man.[10]

1958: MV Agusta win the constructors' and riders' championships in all four solo classes, a feat the team repeat in 1959 and 1960.[1]

1959: Honda enters the Isle of Man TT for the first time..

1961: The 1961 Argentine Grand Prix is the first world championship race held outside of Europe.

1963: The 1963 Japanese Grand Prix is the first world championship race held in Asia.

1964: The 1964 United States Grand Prix is the first world championship race held in North America.

1966: Honda wins the constructors' championship in all five solo classes. Jim Redman wins Honda's first ever 500 cc Grand Prix at Hockenheim, also the first win for a Japanese factory in the premier class.[10]

1967: Final year of unrestricted numbers of cylinders and gears. Honda withdraws in protest.

1968: Giacomo Agostini (MV Agusta) wins both the 350 cc and 500 cc titles

1969: Godfrey Nash riding a Norton Manx becomes the last rider to win a 500 cc Grand Prix riding a single-cylinder machine.[10]

1971: Jack Findlay rides a Suzuki TR500 to the first ever win in the 500 cc class for a two-stroke machine.[10]

1972: as 1968. The death of Gilberto Parlotti at the Isle of Man TT causes multiple world champion Giacomo Agostini and other riders to boycott the next four events on grounds of safety.

1972: Last year of 500 cc sidecars.

1972: Giacomo Agostini wins his seventh consecutive 500cc championship, all with MV Agusta.

1973: Deaths of Jarno Saarinen and Renzo Pasolini at the Italian round at Monza

1974: The Suzuki RG500 is the first square-four in the 500 cc class. The constructors' title is won by a Japanese brand and a two-stroke for the first time (Yamaha).

1975: Giacomo Agostini (Yamaha) wins the 500 cc class. Yamaha was the first non European brand to win the riders' championship.

1976: Barry Sheene wins the first 500 cc championship for Suzuki. After the 1976 Isle of Man TT, the FIM gives in to the riders' boycott and removes the event from the Grand Prix calendar.

1977: 750 FIM prize becomes a world championship for 750cc machines.[11] Barry Sheene wins the 500 cc class. The British Grand Prix moves from the Isle of Man to the Silverstone Circuit on the British mainland.

1978: Kenny Roberts (Yamaha) wins the 500 cc class, the first American to do so.

1979: Last year of the 750 cc class

1980: Patrick Pons (Yamaha 500 cc) and Malcolm White (passenger Phil Love) (sidecar) are both killed in the British GP at Silverstone.

1982: Jock Taylor (passenger Benga Johansson)(Windle-Yamaha) is killed at the Finnish sidecar GP. Imatra is subsequently removed from the GP calendar.

1982: Last year of 350 cc class

1983: Freddie Spencer (Honda) wins the 500 cc class. Spencer and Kenny Roberts win all 500cc races for the season between them.

1984: Michelin introduces radial tyres in GPs.

1984: 50 cc class replaced by 80 cc.

1987: Push starts are eliminated

1987: Wayne Gardner (Honda) wins the 500 cc class, the first Australian to do so.

1988: Wayne Rainey wins the first 500 cc race using carbon brakes, at the British GP

1988: Alfred Heck (passenger Andreas Räcke) is killed during free practice in the French Sidecar GP

1989: Iván Palazzese (Aprilia) is killed in 250 cc West German GP at Hockenheim

1989: Last year of 80 cc class

1990: 500 cc grid switches from five to four bikes per row

1992: Honda introduces the NSR500 with a big bang engine

1993: Shinichi Itoh and his fuel-injected NSR500 break the 200 mph (320 km/h) barrier at the German GP at Hockenheim

1993: Nobuyuki Wakai (Suzuki) is killed during the practice session of the 250 cc GP in Spain.

1993: Three-time 500cc champion and then title holder Wayne Rainey (Yamaha) is paralyzed following a crash at Misano.

1994: Simon Prior, passenger of Yoshisada Kumagaya, on an LCR-ADM, is killed in a crash involving seven outfits in the Sidecar GP at Hockenheim

1998: 500 cc switch to unleaded fuel.

1998: Mick Doohan wins his fifth consecutive 500cc title, all with Honda.

1999: Alex Criville (Honda) wins the 500 cc class, the first Spaniard to do so.

2000: Kenny Roberts Jr. (suzuki) wins the 500 cc class, he joins his father Kenny Roberts to claim the championship and thus making them the only father - son to win the 500cc championship.

2001: Valentino Rossi wins his first premier class title and becomes the final two-stroke champion in the premium series.

2002: MotoGP replaces the 500 cc class; Four-Strokes are re-introduced and get an increase to 990cc but two-strokes stay at 500cc.

2003: Ducati makes its Grand Prix debut in the new four-stroke MotoGP class.

2003: Daijiro Kato is killed during the Japanese GP in the MotoGP class at Suzuka when he hits the barrier at 340R (Formula One car driver Allan McNish had a serious crash during the Formula One Grand Prix the previous October there, resulting in a reprofiled 130R for 2003, known as 85R and 340R.).

2004: MotoGP grid switches from four to three bikes per row while 250cc and 125cc classes retains four bikes per row in 2004 beyond.

2004: Makoto Tamada earns Bridgestone their first MotoGP victory at the Brazilian GP.

2005: MotoGP adopts flag-to-flag rule, allowing riders to pit and switch to bikes fitted with wet-weather tyres and continue if rain begins to fall mid-race.

2005: Valentino Rossi wins his fifth consecutive MotoGP title.

2007: MotoGP engine capacity is restricted to 800 cc four-strokes. Ducati wins the riders' championship with Casey Stoner and also the constructors' title, becoming the first European brand to have done so in the premier class in 30 years.

2008: MotoGP runs its first night race in Qatar.

2008: Dunlop drops out of MotoGP.

2009: Michelin drops out of MotoGP and Bridgestone becomes the sole tyre provider.[12][13]

2009: Kawasaki for the very first time running a single bike as Hayate Racing Team.

2010: Moto2 replaces the 250cc GP class. All engines are built for Moto2 by Honda and are four-stroke 600cc in-line four-cylinder producing ~125 bhp and rev up to 16000 rpm.

2010: Moto2 rider Shoya Tomizawa is killed at Misano.

2010: For the first time, Spain hosts four Grands Prix in a single year.

2010: 'Rookie rule' introduced, preventing any newcomer to the MotoGP championship from riding for a factory team[14]

2010: Kawasaki announces it's retirement due to negotiations with DORNA, stated that it will continue racing activities using mass-produced motorcycles as well as supporting general race oriented consumers.

2011: MotoGP rider Marco Simoncelli is killed at Sepang.[15]

2011: Suzuki suspend their MotoGP participation at the end of the season.

2012: Moto3 250 cc four-stroke single-cylinder class replaces the 125cc class

2012: MotoGP raises the maximum engine capacity to 1,000 cc[16] and introduces claiming rule teams.

2013: Knockout qualifying format is introduced.[17]

2013: The 'rookie rule' introduce for the 2010 season is withdrawn.

2013: Marc Márquez becomes the first rookie to win the championship in MotoGP's current guise, and the youngest ever premier class world champion.

2014: Removal of the claiming rule teams and introduction of the Open Class category. Marc Márquez dominates the season by winning the first 10 races of the season.

2015: Suzuki returned to MotoGP as a constructor after a four-year hiatus.

2016: Michelin returns as tyre supplier after Bridgestone's withdrawal.

2016: Luis Salom dies during Moto2 practice at the Catalan Grand Prix after a high-speed impact with his own stricken bike.

2017: KTM joined the series with a factory-supported team for the first time.